Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Bio-availability is defined as the measurement of the rate and amount of the therapeutically active substance or drug or medicine that reaches the systemic circulation and that is available in the particular site of infection, the disease in our body. It can be simply defined as the degree of absorption of the drug by our body. Bioavailability completely depends on the route of administration and formulation of the drug. There are two types of bio-availability, absolute bioavailability, and relative bioavailability. We can get 100% bioavailability through intravenous administration.

• Absolute bioavailability Relative bioavailability

Bio-equivalence is defined as the observation and finding similarities of one or more drugs. Formulations involve the same active substance or element are called bio-equivalence. If their rate of absorption and formulations are identical, they are pronounced to be bioequivalence drugs. The United States food and Drug Administration (FDA) has explained bio-equivalence as "the absence of a significant difference in the rate and range to which the active ingredient or active subdivision in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical substitute becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose below similar conditions in an appropriately designed study.

• Rate Of immersion
• Expression of Medicines

Biological  Drug (biologics) is a substance or product that is presented from living organisms, contains materials of living organisms. Biologic drugs contain a wide in a range variety of products originate from humans, animals, or microorganisms by utilizing biotechnological procedure and methods. Types of biological drugs are vaccines, blood, blood components, cells, allergens, genes, tissues, and recombinant proteins, etc. Biologic products may have proteins that control the action of other proteins and cellular processes, genes that control production may have vital proteins, modified human hormones, or cells that produce an entity that lower or initiate components of the immune system. Biologic drugs are known as biologic response modifiers.

• Biological Medicine
• Bio pharmaceutics

Clinical and Medical Pharmacology is the science of drugs and their clinical use. It is the basic science of pharmacology, with an added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and quantitative methods in the real world. Clinical pharmacology connects a gap between the medicinal and laboratory sciences. The objective is to promote the safety of prescriptions, maximize the drug effects and minimize the side effects.

• Molecular Pharmacology
• Drug Interaction
• Clinical and Medical practice

Drug discovery is the process of designing a new cure or drug for the disease, treating certain disorders. It plays a main duty in research and medicine. It can bring relaxation to people who are suffering from a deadly disease. Certain new inventions and production can help treat the disease that cannot be cured.

• Drug Safety
• Drug Resistance
• Medicine Forbearance

Environmental Health Toxicology and Ecotoxicology are the main subclasses in this study, which principally provides a better understanding over the processes that play an important function in the process of degradation by the means of Biotic and Abiotic sources. Hence this study is thought-out a major unit in the case of Toxicology.

• Forensic Toxicology
• Profitable Toxicology
• Medicine Toxicology
• Industrial Toxicology

Nanotechnology is the branch of science deals with nanoparticles that are very small particle size ranges from 1 to 100 nanometre. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering too. Nanomedicine is among the numerous opportunities and advances promoted by nanotechnology. The definitions of Nanomedicine accepted today were established by the National Institutes of Health of The United States and the European Science Foundation, which define Nanomedicine as the “science that uses nanoparticles to the development of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of specific medical applications.

• Carbon nanostructures in Medicine delivery

Pharmaceutical biotechnology is a comparatively different and evolving area in which the principles of biotechnology are used in the development of drugs. Most of the therapeutic drugs in the market are bio formulations, such as antibodies, deoxyribonucleic acid products, and vaccines. Such bio formulations are carried through several steps that contain, the idea of understanding the health and disease; the fundamental molecular device ruling the functions of related biomolecules; synthesis and purification of the molecules; identifying the shelf life of the product, stability, toxicity, and immunogenicity; drug delivery systems; patenting, and clinical trials.

Pharmacodynamics is described as how our body responds to the drug. The study of the connection between the concentration of drugs and their effects is known as pharmacodynamics. It is the study of pharmacology that sustains biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their conduct in our bodies.

• Advances in biological products
• Multicellular pharmacodynamic
• Pharmacy Practice

Pharmacogenomics is said to be the study of how genes affect a human being’s response to drugs. Pharmacogenomics decides how the genetic composition of an individual influences the reaction to drugs. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by comparing deoxyribonucleic acid expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with pharmacokinetics.

• Clinical Pharmacogenomics
• Recent advances in Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacokinetics is the analysis of drug assimilation, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The apparent concept in pharmacokinetics is drug clearance, namely, the elimination of drugs from the body. It can be clearly defined as the movement of the drug inside our body. It can describe what changes that our body has sustained after taking that drug.

• Pharmacokinetics of drugs

• Efficacy of drug product

• Clinical pharmacokinetics

Pharmacology is said to be the research of how an element is associated with living organisms to constitute an adjustment in the capacity. Pharmacology is said to be a branch of biomedical science, encompassing clinical pharmacology namely associated with the effects of drugs and pharmaceuticals products and added xenobiotics on living systems, as well as their growth and chemical features. Toxicology is the study of poisons or exactly the study of how chemical compounds interfere with the normal function of a biological system. 

• Carbon nanostructures in Medicine delivery
• Nanoparticles in Medicine delivery
• Molecular Pharmacology
• Applied Pharmacology

Pharmacovigilance, as defined by the World Health Organization, consists of the science and activities relating to the discovery, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects and other drug-associated problems. It plays a big part in health management sectors through monitoring.

• Recent advancements in pharmacovigilance

• Pharmacovigilance in medicine

Route of administration is simply defined as the way or course of how the drug or cure enters into our body. It plays a main role as effectiveness is completely depending on how we take the drug. There are many types, i.e. oral route, intravenous, intradermal, sublingual, nasal, ocular, rectal, intramuscular, vaginal, subcutaneous, nebulization, and transdermal route. The fastest route is intravenous which is through injection.

• Intravenous administration
• Intramuscular administration
• Sublingual administration
• Sublingual administration